{"schemaVersion":"hcch-apostille-foundations-1","title":"Apostille foundations","publisher":"Notary Geek","reviewedOn":"2026-10-25","scope":"Plain-English foundations derived from official HCCH materials, with original hypothetical examples. Convention rules, HCCH guidance, local implementation boundaries and editorial explanation are labeled separately. This is not a country-status dataset, local filing manual, individual legal opinion or promise of recipient acceptance.","topics":[{"id":"recipient-requirements","title":"Recipient requirements and common mistakes","summary":"Separate lawful requirements for the underlying document from demands to legalize an apostille again. Unknown or conflicting instructions need a precise follow-up, not a promise.","sections":[{"id":"finality","title":"A proper apostille ends this authentication chain","kind":"convention-rule","paragraphs":["For a document within the applicable Convention route, the apostille is the permitted authentication formality. The apostille\u0027s own signature, seal and stamp are exempt from certification. Do not add embassy or consular legalization of the apostille as a routine extra step.","Article 9 requires States to prevent their diplomatic or consular agents from carrying out legalization where the Convention exempts the document. Checking issuance against the register is different from requiring another legalization certificate."],"sourceRefs":["convention-art3","convention-art5","convention-art8-9","abcs-no-further-authentication"],"qualifications":["This finality rule does not decide whether the underlying record meets the receiving application\u0027s substantive requirements."],"examples":[],"decisionSteps":[]},{"id":"age","title":"Record age and apostille age are different questions","kind":"hcch-guidance","paragraphs":["A validly issued, identifiable, attached apostille does not expire. A receiving process may still require a recently issued underlying record."],"sourceRefs":["handbook-non-effects","handbook-rejection-limits"],"qualifications":[],"examples":[{"title":"A recent-record requirement","facts":"A checklist requires a civil-status record issued within a specified period. The applicant has an older record with a valid apostille.","explanation":"A new apostille alone does not change the record\u0027s issue date. First determine whether the old record satisfies the actual checklist.","nextStep":"If a fresh record is required, obtain it and then determine whether that new record needs authentication.","sourceRefs":["handbook-non-effects","handbook-rejection-limits"]}],"decisionSteps":[]},{"id":"language","title":"Do not confuse translation of the record with legalization","kind":"hcch-guidance","paragraphs":["Article 4 allows an apostille to use the issuing authority\u0027s official language while retaining its French title. A valid apostille cannot be rejected solely because it uses that official language. Translation cannot be added as an authentication formality for the apostille. This is separate from a receiving process\u0027s language requirements for the underlying document."],"sourceRefs":["convention-art3","convention-art4","handbook-rejection-limits"],"qualifications":["The underlying document may still need a translation under the receiving jurisdiction\u0027s requirements."],"examples":[],"decisionSteps":[]},{"id":"electronic","title":"Electronic apostilles are not second-class certificates","kind":"hcch-guidance","paragraphs":["HCCH\u0027s notice dated 1 July 2026 states that a valid e-Apostille cannot be refused solely for electronic form, including where the destination does not itself issue e-Apostilles. Preserve the actual issued electronic file. A scan of a paper apostille is not automatically an e-Apostille.","Keep that certificate rule separate from a receiving process\u0027s requirement to present the underlying document on paper. Ask which requirement is actually at issue rather than treating every electronic-document objection as the same problem."],"sourceRefs":["eapostille-notice-2026","eapostille-preservation","handbook-rejection-limits"],"qualifications":["Validity, applicable Convention relationship and integrity of the issued electronic certificate remain necessary."],"examples":[],"decisionSteps":[]},{"id":"conflicts","title":"Resolve conflicting instructions at the right level","kind":"editorial-explanation","paragraphs":["If a clerk says \u201Cget it legalized again,\u201D ask for the exact written requirement and the office responsible for deciding. Identify whether the objection concerns the apostille, a missing or unsuitable record, a translation, or another application requirement. An informal statement is a lead to clarify, not proof of a universal rule.","Compare the instruction with the relevant Convention provision and the issuing authority\u0027s response. Preserve the conflict if it cannot yet be resolved. Do not silently change the completed document or promise that a recipient will accept it."],"sourceRefs":["convention-art3","convention-art5","convention-art7","convention-art8-9","handbook-no-extra-legalisation"],"qualifications":[],"examples":[{"title":"An embassy stamp is demanded after apostille","facts":"A public record has an apostille for an applicable Convention route, but a recipient asks for embassy legalization of that apostille.","explanation":"That demand conflicts with the Convention\u0027s authentication finality. First confirm that the request really concerns the apostille rather than a different missing document or certification.","nextStep":"Request the written basis and review it with the responsible receiving office and competent authority. Keep the outcome unresolved until clarified.","sourceRefs":["convention-art3","convention-art5","convention-art8-9"]}],"decisionSteps":[{"when":"The checklist needs a different record or translation.","then":"Fix that underlying-document requirement; do not assume another apostille cures it.","outcome":"prepare-document","sourceRefs":["convention-art5","handbook-non-effects"]},{"when":"Someone says every country needs an apostille.","then":"Check applicability and exemptions before spending money.","outcome":"check-route","sourceRefs":["convention-art1","convention-art3"]},{"when":"The issuing authority and recipient give materially inconsistent instructions.","then":"Record both dated positions and ask the responsible offices to identify the controlling requirement. Do not mark the route approved.","outcome":"unresolved-conflict","sourceRefs":["convention-art3","handbook-no-extra-legalisation"]},{"when":"No exact requirement is available yet.","then":"Find the receiving process\u0027s published checklist or ask its decision-making office the narrow missing question.","outcome":"need-facts","sourceRefs":["convention-art1","handbook-non-effects"]}]},{"id":"rejection-diagnosis","title":"Turn a rejection into an answerable question","kind":"editorial-explanation","paragraphs":["Keep a copy of the actual packet presented and obtain the written reason from the office authorised to decide. Ask whether the objection concerns the apostille\u2019s issuer, competence, particulars or attachment; the underlying record\u2019s content, age or form; a translation; or the submission channel. A call-centre preference, preliminary filtering message and formal rejection need not carry the same decision-making authority.","Then ask the narrow question the evidence leaves open. For a suspected certificate defect, obtain issuer verification. For an underlying-document requirement, identify the exact record or translation needed. For a demand to legalize a valid apostille again in an applicable Convention route, identify the stated legal basis and the office\u2019s review or escalation path. HCCH guidance favors resolving genuine doubt with the issuing authority before rejecting the certificate; it does not promise a favorable decision on the underlying application."],"sourceRefs":["handbook-acceptance","handbook-no-extra-legalisation","convention-art7"],"qualifications":["This is Notary Geek\u2019s practical diagnostic method, informed by HCCH guidance. It does not create an appeal right or extend any filing deadline; preserve the actual office\u2019s deadline while pursuing clarification."],"examples":[{"title":"A message says the document is too old","facts":"The recipient rejects a packet but its short message does not identify whether it means the record or the apostille.","explanation":"The repair cannot be chosen from that phrase. A recent-record requirement may require a fresh registry record, while the apostille itself has no ordinary expiry.","nextStep":"Ask which item/date fails which written requirement and whether review or resubmission is available.","sourceRefs":["handbook-non-effects","handbook-rejection-limits"]}],"decisionSteps":[]},{"id":"electronic-escalation","title":"Use the electronic-acceptance rule without losing the document question","kind":"editorial-explanation","paragraphs":["Where the Convention applies, a validly issued e-Apostille cannot be rejected solely because it is electronic, even when the destination does not issue e-Apostilles itself. HCCH\u2019s July2026 notice restates that position. Present the actual issued record or proper official access method and make the objection precise: is the office refusing the electronic apostille, unable to validate it, or requiring the underlying record in a different permitted form?","For a refusal to recognise the electronic apostille, the 2026 e-APP Forum recommends informing the issuing competent authority so that it can seek formal written reasons from the recipient. Its guidance discourages asking in advance whether a destination will accept an e-Apostille. That is different from identifying the underlying record required or arranging a channel that preserves the issued file. For systemic difficulties, the issuing authority is encouraged to involve the Permanent Bureau. An applicant should not treat this communication as a completed appeal or deadline extension."],"sourceRefs":["eapostille-notice-2026","eapostille-preservation","handbook-rejection-limits","sc2021-eapp-acceptance","forum2024-eapp-use","forum2026-electronic-acceptance"],"qualifications":["The acceptance rule concerns the apostille. The underlying public document\u2019s admissibility, probative value and applicable paper-production requirements remain separate. Preserve unresolved conflicts rather than promising acceptance."],"examples":[],"decisionSteps":[{"when":"The responsible recipient confirms refusal solely because the valid apostille is electronic.","then":"Supply the HCCH notice, request the office\u2019s review route, and inform the issuing competent authority so it can seek formal written reasons and support resolution; keep any underlying-document issue separate.","outcome":"resolve-conflict","sourceRefs":["eapostille-notice-2026","eapostille-preservation","handbook-rejection-limits","forum2026-electronic-acceptance"]}]},{"id":"exemptions-and-extra-authentication","title":"A simpler agreement can matter more than an apostille checklist","kind":"editorial-explanation","paragraphs":["The Convention sets a ceiling on origin authentication for documents within its scope; it preserves simpler treatment under the destination\u0027s law, regulations or practice and agreements between relevant States. An exemption may cover only a named document category, purpose or relationship. It is not enough to say that two States have a cooperation agreement without reading the provision that applies to this record.","Read the exemption as carefully as an apostille requirement: which issuer and record are covered, for which destination and use, from what effective date, and whether any specified form or direct transmission is necessary. If it applies, follow that simpler route and retain the written basis. An exemption from origin authentication does not automatically waive translation, identity matching, filing deadlines or other requirements for the underlying document.","When a recipient\u0027s general checklist still asks for an apostille, identify the apparent conflict precisely. Ask the authorised decision-maker whether the named exemption applies to the exact record and purpose, and request the written basis if it does not. A generic support reply is not proof that the exemption is unavailable. Conversely, do not omit a legally required step merely because a receptionist says it is usually unnecessary.","The reverse problem is a demand to legalise an apostille again through an embassy. For a valid Convention route, Article 5 exempts the apostille\u0027s own signature, seal and stamp from further certification, and Article 9 addresses diplomatic or consular legalisations where exemption applies. Ask whether the disputed requirement is really authentication of the apostille or a different underlying-document condition; the answer determines the useful escalation."],"sourceRefs":["convention-art3","convention-art5","convention-art8-9","report-maximum-formality","handbook-no-extra-legalisation"],"qualifications":["No specific bilateral exemption is asserted here. Eligibility must be established from the actual instrument and relevant recipient rules, rather than inferred from nationality, a shared regional organisation or a provider\u0027s past success.","A recipient may still assess the underlying document\u0027s admissibility and effect. That is different from an unlimited right to add origin-authentication formalities where the Convention or a simpler applicable rule dispenses with them."],"examples":[{"title":"A narrowly defined civil-status exemption","facts":"A hypothetical bilateral instrument exempts specified civil-status extracts exchanged through a defined official channel. An applicant instead holds a private translation and ordinary photocopy.","explanation":"The existence of the agreement does not establish that this different packet qualifies. The useful comparison is between the instrument\u0027s covered record/channel and the actual submission.","nextStep":"Obtain the covered official extract through the specified channel if it fits the recipient\u0027s purpose, or establish the route for the different document actually needed.","sourceRefs":["convention-art3","convention-art8-9","report-maximum-formality"]}],"decisionSteps":[{"when":"A verified exemption covers this exact record, relationship and use.","then":"Use the simpler documented route and keep its form/channel conditions with the instruction; paid apostille help may be unnecessary.","outcome":"no-apostille-needed","sourceRefs":["convention-art3","convention-art8-9"]},{"when":"A general checklist conflicts with a potentially applicable exemption or the ban on further certification of the apostille.","then":"Present the exact conflicting provisions and packet details to the authorised decision-maker, seeking a written scope decision rather than adding a service without understanding the demand.","outcome":"unresolved-conflict","sourceRefs":["convention-art3","convention-art5","convention-art8-9","handbook-no-extra-legalisation"]}]},{"id":"multiple-destinations","title":"Plan each destination before reusing or replacing a packet","kind":"editorial-explanation","paragraphs":["The same public record may be needed in several destinations, but each use still needs its own applicability and document-requirement check. One destination may accept the official record without authentication, another may use the Convention, and another may require a different authentication route. Do not buy the longest possible chain for all of them by default.","HCCH explains that a public document can be both legalised and apostilled when it must serve different destinations. The apostille must relate to the underlying public document, rather than authenticating the other legalisations. Additional marks serving another route do not, by themselves, remove a valid apostille\u0027s Convention effect. That differs from demanding legalisation of the apostille itself.","For a practical plan, record which recipient keeps an original, which accepts an electronic original or certified copy, and whether a recent issue date or particular translation is required. An original retained by the first recipient may be unavailable for the second. Separate official copies can reduce repeated international shipping and loss risk when the issuer and recipients permit that form; merely scanning a packet does not create another official original.","Compare the actual options: a verified exemption may cost no authentication fee; direct authority submission adds its official fees and delivery stages; an intermediary may add fees while coordinating different issuers, returns or deadlines. The potential benefit is avoiding a specific extra handoff or recovering a specific defect. It is not changing the treaty relationship or making one certificate authenticate unrelated issuing authorities. Local fees and elapsed times must come from the selected offices and delivery plan."],"sourceRefs":["convention-art3","convention-art5","handbook-multiple-destinations","handbook-copies","handbook-request","handbook-service-delivery-costs"],"qualifications":["Reuse assumes an intact, valid packet and an applicable treaty relationship for the later destination, including any objection-withdrawal date issue. The recipient\u0027s underlying-record, retention, translation and freshness conditions still need separate answers.","No universal re-use, certified-copy acceptance, price or delivery time is promised. Do not detach an existing apostille to send its document through another route."],"examples":[{"title":"Two recipients both want to retain the original","facts":"Two hypothetical overseas authorities need the same type of registry record during overlapping application periods, and both written instructions require retention of an official original.","explanation":"Moving one packet back and forth cannot satisfy both retention requirements. The preparation question is whether the registry can issue separate official records and what authentication each destination needs.","nextStep":"Price separate issuer records, each required authentication and its actual delivery stages before choosing a managed package. If timing permits direct submission for both, no local runner is inherently required.","sourceRefs":["handbook-multiple-destinations","handbook-copies","handbook-service-delivery-costs"]}],"decisionSteps":[{"when":"A later destination has different record, retention or treaty requirements.","then":"Re-evaluate that use while preserving the existing packet. Choose a new record or additional authentication only for an established requirement.","outcome":"check-recipient","sourceRefs":["convention-art3","handbook-multiple-destinations","handbook-copies"]}]},{"id":"proactive-refusal-before-filing","title":"A prediction of rejection is different from a decision on the submitted document","kind":"editorial-explanation","paragraphs":["A person handling a packet may say that a judge might reject it or that it will not be submitted because denial is expected. Here, proactive refusal means that screening decision before the intended decision-maker considers the document. Record who declined, what they declined to do and whether the approving office ever saw the packet. This avoids turning an intermediary\u0027s prediction into a reported court or government rejection.","Ask what supports the decision not to submit: a published rule for this document, a specific written instruction, a demonstrated defect, the intermediary\u0027s own policy or a prediction about another person\u0027s response. A documented concern may identify work that genuinely needs doing. A general forecast leaves the precise issue unresolved. The next step is to identify that issue and the available review or submission procedure, not to collect a larger number of informal opinions.","For an actual refusal of an e-Apostille, the 2026 Forum recommends the holder inform the issuing competent authority so it can seek formal written reasons. It also discourages advance inquiries about whether an e-Apostille will be accepted. Our diagnostic distinction between a predicted refusal and a recorded decision helps apply that guidance, but it does not turn the recommendation into a universal right to compel an intermediary to file any document."],"sourceRefs":["handbook-acceptance","handbook-non-effects","forum2026-electronic-acceptance"],"qualifications":["The proactive-refusal distinction and questions above are Notary Geek\u0027s practical analysis. The Forum guidance specifically concerns e-Apostilles; it does not decide every underlying RON document or every intermediary\u0027s professional obligations.","A filing right, review process, representation duty or deadline depends on the relevant procedure. This explanation neither creates one nor suspends it. Keep the actual deadline visible while investigating the reason."],"examples":[{"title":"The judge has not received the document","facts":"A filing intermediary says that some judges dislike remote notarization and declines to submit an apostilled packet. No rule or decision concerning this packet is supplied.","explanation":"The event established so far is the intermediary\u0027s non-submission decision. The record does not establish a judicial rejection or a universal rule against the document. It also does not establish that submission must succeed.","nextStep":"Ask the intermediary to identify the precise concern and its written basis, then identify who can review that screening decision or which lawful submission procedure is available.","sourceRefs":["handbook-non-effects","handbook-acceptance","forum2026-electronic-acceptance"]}],"decisionSteps":[{"when":"An intermediary predicts denial but no competent receiving office has considered the packet.","then":"Record a predicted rejection and non-submission, identify the supporting rule or policy and available review route, and keep the actual receiving outcome unknown.","outcome":"need-facts","sourceRefs":["handbook-non-effects","handbook-acceptance"]},{"when":"The receiving office actually refuses a validly issued e-Apostille solely for electronic form in an applicable Convention relationship.","then":"Preserve the written reason and inform the issuing competent authority through its official channel so the refusal can be addressed with the recipient. Keep underlying-document requirements separate.","outcome":"resolve-conflict","sourceRefs":["handbook-rejection-limits","forum2026-electronic-acceptance"]}]},{"id":"read-the-actual-requirement","title":"Turn a broad checklist into a precise document question","kind":"editorial-explanation","paragraphs":["A checklist saying original, certified, notarized and apostilled may compress several different requirements into a few words. Match each word to its object and purpose. Is original describing an official registry record, the signed statement or the electronic file? Who is supposed to certify what? Does notarized identify an acknowledgment, an oath or another act? Which public certificate is to receive the apostille?","Compare those instructions with the record you actually have. Identify the specific issuer, version, signer\u0027s role, notarial certificate and final receiving purpose. If two instructions are incompatible or leave an essential term undefined, state that exact problem. The smallest useful clarification asks about the missing document feature or legal function rather than requesting a general assurance that everything will be accepted.","A written checklist is useful evidence of the receiving process, but it is not automatically a complete statement of origin law or the Convention. Trace any claimed legal requirement to its actual source and date. If an instruction appears to require an unavailable or unauthorized official act, identify the conflict before trying to satisfy it with extra stamps, a new cover declaration or alterations to a completed packet."],"sourceRefs":["convention-art1","convention-art3","convention-art5","handbook-domestic-execution-detail","handbook-notarial-certificates","handbook-attachment","forum2026-electronic-acceptance"],"qualifications":["This is a practical reading method, not an instruction to choose a legal instrument or notarial act without the relevant authority. The exact source law, authorized act and receiving requirement must support the proposed solution.","Seeking a missing underlying-record or submission detail is different from asking for advance permission to recognize a valid e-Apostille. The 2026 Forum discourages that advance recognition inquiry."],"examples":[{"title":"A request asks for the apostille to prove the statement is true","facts":"A relayed instruction asks the applicant to obtain an apostille confirming that every statement in a private declaration is correct.","explanation":"The requested effect exceeds what an apostille certifies. A valid apostille on a lawful notarial certificate does not become a government verification of the declaration\u0027s contents. Adding another apostille cannot supply that missing substantive evidence.","nextStep":"Identify which fact the receiving process needs established and the evidence it actually requires for that fact; then determine the proper preparation and authentication of that evidence.","sourceRefs":["convention-art5","handbook-non-effects","handbook-notarial-certificates"]},{"title":"Original means different things to two offices","facts":"The issuer supplies an official electronic record while the receiving checklist says original. It does not say whether it requires that issued file, a permitted paper version or a separately issued paper record.","explanation":"The unresolved fact is the required underlying-record form and lawful production route. A general question about accepting online notarization or e-Apostilles may produce answers that do not address it.","nextStep":"Identify the record form the receiving process requires and compare it with the issuer\u0027s available lawful outputs. Preserve the issued electronic file while resolving that specific gap.","sourceRefs":["handbook-domestic-execution-detail","handbook-ron-form-context","handbook-rejection-limits","forum2026-electronic-acceptance"]}],"decisionSteps":[{"when":"A requirement names a certificate or effect that the identified authority cannot lawfully provide.","then":"Identify the exact requested function and supporting source, preserve the conflict, and research an authorized record or act that satisfies the documented purpose before paying for another authentication step.","outcome":"unresolved-conflict","sourceRefs":["convention-art5","handbook-domestic-execution-detail","handbook-notarial-certificates"]}]},{"id":"procedure-confirmation-demand","title":"Must I obtain another letter explaining how the apostille was issued?","kind":"editorial-explanation","paragraphs":["Distinguish verification of a particular apostille from a new condition requiring the issuer to justify its procedures. HCCH\u2019s Special Commission and Handbook state that acceptance should not be made conditional on confirmation of procedures from the issuing competent authority. A demand for an extra letter describing the issuer\u2019s checks can therefore raise a different issue from an Article 7 comparison of the certificate\u2019s particulars.","Ask what the proposed extra document is meant to establish. If there is a suspected mismatch, the issuer\u2019s register verification can address whether those particulars correspond. If the recipient is instead demanding further certification of the apostille\u2019s own signature, seal or stamp, Article 5 exempts them from that certification; an added certificate cannot give the apostille extra Convention effect.","Keep the exact written demand and identify the office authorised to decide. State which part appears to require a new authentication or procedure-confirmation formality and ask for the stated basis and review route. HCCH encourages authorities to resolve procedure-confirmation demands bilaterally. This is a targeted issue for the competent authorities, not a reason to collect additional stamps or broad informal assurances."],"sourceRefs":["convention-art5","convention-art7","handbook-no-extra-legalisation","sc2021-signature-and-procedure"],"qualifications":["This explanation assumes a valid apostille and an applicable Convention relationship. It does not prohibit genuine certificate verification or erase a separate requirement concerning the underlying record, translation or substantive application. It does not establish a universal appeal right or extend a filing deadline."],"examples":[{"title":"A general process letter is requested in addition to a matching register entry","facts":"A receiving office can match the certificate particulars with the issuer\u2019s register but says it also needs a letter confirming the procedures used before issuance.","explanation":"The extra condition is not the same as verifying this certificate\u2019s identifying particulars. Identify what unresolved issue the letter is supposed to answer and whether it is being required as an additional authentication formality.","nextStep":"Preserve the written condition and ask the issuing and receiving competent offices to address its stated basis and available review path; keep any independent underlying-document requirement separate.","sourceRefs":["convention-art5","convention-art7","handbook-no-extra-legalisation","sc2021-signature-and-procedure"]}],"decisionSteps":[{"when":"The requested extra step merely confirms the issuer\u2019s general apostille procedures or adds certification of the apostille itself.","then":"Identify the exact condition and its stated basis in writing, distinguish it from Article 7 verification, and seek competent-authority resolution.","outcome":"unresolved-conflict","sourceRefs":["convention-art5","convention-art7","handbook-no-extra-legalisation","sc2021-signature-and-procedure"]}]}],"relatedTopicIds":["start","copies-and-translations","verification"],"remainingGaps":["No individual recipient acceptance is established. Conflicts, source updates after 24 October 2026, document-specific defects and local implementation still require verification.","Which concrete receiving offices have resolved electronic-file/paper-presentation conflicts, and what written procedures support those outcomes?","How should the 2026 Forum\u2019s discouragement of advance e-Apostille acceptance inquiries be reconciled in concrete cases with technical channel requirements and underlying-document paper rules?","Specific bilateral exemptions, accession transition arrangements and recipient retention rules remain to be synthesised into country/document guides using their actual instruments and current receiving instructions.","Which actual filing rules and review procedures govern an intermediary\u0027s decision not to submit a specific RON/apostille packet?","How does the responsible authority distinguish a request to verify a particular certificate from an impermissible confirmation-of-procedures condition in the actual case?"]}],"sources":[{"id":"convention-art1","title":"Convention of 5 October 1961 Abolishing the Requirement of Legalisation for Foreign Public Documents","url":"https://assets.hcch.net/docs/b12ad529-5f75-411b-b523-8eebe86613c0.pdf","publication":"Concluded 5 October 1961","edition":"Current official English text","locator":"Article 1(1), 1(2)(a)\u2013(d), 1(3)(a)\u2013(b); PDF page 1","retrievedOn":"2026-10-24","kind":"treaty","qualification":"Applies within the Convention scope; French treaty text prevails in case of divergence. Public-document classification depends on origin law; read exclusions with current HCCH guidance."},{"id":"convention-art2","title":"Convention of 5 October 1961 Abolishing the Requirement of Legalisation for Foreign Public Documents","url":"https://assets.hcch.net/docs/b12ad529-5f75-411b-b523-8eebe86613c0.pdf","publication":"Concluded 5 October 1961","edition":"Current official English text","locator":"Article 2; PDF page 1","retrievedOn":"2026-10-24","kind":"treaty","qualification":"Applies within the Convention scope; French treaty text prevails in case of divergence. Legalisation is specifically defined; it is not every possible document requirement."},{"id":"convention-art3","title":"Convention of 5 October 1961 Abolishing the Requirement of Legalisation for Foreign Public Documents","url":"https://assets.hcch.net/docs/b12ad529-5f75-411b-b523-8eebe86613c0.pdf","publication":"Concluded 5 October 1961","edition":"Current official English text","locator":"Article 3(1)\u2013(2); PDF pages 1\u20132","retrievedOn":"2026-10-24","kind":"treaty","qualification":"Applies within the Convention scope; French treaty text prevails in case of divergence. The Convention does not mandate an apostille in every transaction; exemptions and simplifications remain."},{"id":"convention-art4","title":"Convention of 5 October 1961 Abolishing the Requirement of Legalisation for Foreign Public Documents","url":"https://assets.hcch.net/docs/b12ad529-5f75-411b-b523-8eebe86613c0.pdf","publication":"Concluded 5 October 1961","edition":"Current official English text","locator":"Article 4(1)\u2013(2); PDF page 2","retrievedOn":"2026-10-24","kind":"treaty","qualification":"Applies within the Convention scope; French treaty text prevails in case of divergence. Attachment and official-language provisions concern the apostille."},{"id":"convention-art5","title":"Convention of 5 October 1961 Abolishing the Requirement of Legalisation for Foreign Public Documents","url":"https://assets.hcch.net/docs/b12ad529-5f75-411b-b523-8eebe86613c0.pdf","publication":"Concluded 5 October 1961","edition":"Current official English text","locator":"Article 5(1)\u2013(3); PDF page 2","retrievedOn":"2026-10-24","kind":"treaty","qualification":"Applies within the Convention scope; French treaty text prevails in case of divergence. Authenticates signature, official capacity and where appropriate seal/stamp; not content."},{"id":"convention-art6","title":"Convention of 5 October 1961 Abolishing the Requirement of Legalisation for Foreign Public Documents","url":"https://assets.hcch.net/docs/b12ad529-5f75-411b-b523-8eebe86613c0.pdf","publication":"Concluded 5 October 1961","edition":"Current official English text","locator":"Article 6; PDF page 2","retrievedOn":"2026-10-24","kind":"treaty","qualification":"Applies within the Convention scope; French treaty text prevails in case of divergence. Designations and their scope require current official checking."},{"id":"convention-art7","title":"Convention of 5 October 1961 Abolishing the Requirement of Legalisation for Foreign Public Documents","url":"https://assets.hcch.net/docs/b12ad529-5f75-411b-b523-8eebe86613c0.pdf","publication":"Concluded 5 October 1961","edition":"Current official English text","locator":"Article 7(1)\u2013(2); PDF page 2","retrievedOn":"2026-10-24","kind":"treaty","qualification":"Applies within the Convention scope; French treaty text prevails in case of divergence. A register is required; a publicly searchable online register is not."},{"id":"convention-art8-9","title":"Convention of 5 October 1961 Abolishing the Requirement of Legalisation for Foreign Public Documents","url":"https://assets.hcch.net/docs/b12ad529-5f75-411b-b523-8eebe86613c0.pdf","publication":"Concluded 5 October 1961","edition":"Current official English text","locator":"Articles 8\u20139; PDF page 2","retrievedOn":"2026-10-24","kind":"treaty","qualification":"Applies within the Convention scope; French treaty text prevails in case of divergence. Preserves simpler arrangements and addresses diplomatic/consular legalisation where Convention provides exemption."},{"id":"convention-art12-13","title":"Convention of 5 October 1961 Abolishing the Requirement of Legalisation for Foreign Public Documents","url":"https://assets.hcch.net/docs/b12ad529-5f75-411b-b523-8eebe86613c0.pdf","publication":"Concluded 5 October 1961","edition":"Current official English text","locator":"Articles 12(2)\u2013(3) and 13; PDF page 3","retrievedOn":"2026-10-24","kind":"treaty","qualification":"Applies within the Convention scope; French treaty text prevails in case of divergence. Entry into force, accession objections and territorial scope must be checked for actual origin/destination; no membership dataset supplied."},{"id":"handbook-purpose","title":"Practical Handbook on the Operation of the Apostille Convention","url":"https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a19ae90b-27bf-4596-b5ee-0140858abeaa.pdf","publication":"HCCH, The Hague, 2023; ISBN 978-90-83248-14-1","edition":"Second edition (2023)","locator":"Part One, \u00A7\u00A79\u201317, printed pp27\u201330; footnotes 9, 11\u201317 and diagrams pp28\u201329","retrievedOn":"2026-10-24","kind":"hcch-guidance","qualification":"Practical guidance, not a replacement for treaty text or applicable domestic law; page numbers are printed pages (physical PDF page = printed page \u002B 1). Domestic intermediate authentication may remain; one-step route is an ideal, not a universal filing promise."},{"id":"handbook-non-effects","title":"Practical Handbook on the Operation of the Apostille Convention","url":"https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a19ae90b-27bf-4596-b5ee-0140858abeaa.pdf","publication":"HCCH, The Hague, 2023; ISBN 978-90-83248-14-1","edition":"Second edition (2023)","locator":"Part One, \u00A7\u00A721\u201328, printed pp31\u201332; footnotes 21\u201324","retrievedOn":"2026-10-24","kind":"hcch-guidance","qualification":"Practical guidance, not a replacement for treaty text or applicable domestic law; page numbers are printed pages (physical PDF page = printed page \u002B 1). No certification of content, domestic execution, admissibility/probative value or recipient acceptance; distinguish record freshness from apostille age."},{"id":"handbook-hcch-role","title":"Practical Handbook on the Operation of the Apostille Convention","url":"https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a19ae90b-27bf-4596-b5ee-0140858abeaa.pdf","publication":"HCCH, The Hague, 2023; ISBN 978-90-83248-14-1","edition":"Second edition (2023)","locator":"Part One, \u00A7\u00A729\u201333, printed pp32\u201333","retrievedOn":"2026-10-24","kind":"hcch-guidance","qualification":"Practical guidance, not a replacement for treaty text or applicable domestic law; page numbers are printed pages (physical PDF page = printed page \u002B 1). Permanent Bureau does not issue apostilles or maintain the issuance register."},{"id":"handbook-authorities","title":"Practical Handbook on the Operation of the Apostille Convention","url":"https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a19ae90b-27bf-4596-b5ee-0140858abeaa.pdf","publication":"HCCH, The Hague, 2023; ISBN 978-90-83248-14-1","edition":"Second edition (2023)","locator":"Part Two, \u00A7\u00A739\u201340, printed p37","retrievedOn":"2026-10-24","kind":"hcch-guidance","qualification":"Practical guidance, not a replacement for treaty text or applicable domestic law; page numbers are printed pages (physical PDF page = printed page \u002B 1). Each party designates authorities and determines their competence."},{"id":"handbook-applicability","title":"Practical Handbook on the Operation of the Apostille Convention","url":"https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a19ae90b-27bf-4596-b5ee-0140858abeaa.pdf","publication":"HCCH, The Hague, 2023; ISBN 978-90-83248-14-1","edition":"Second edition (2023)","locator":"Part Three, \u00A7\u00A772\u201380, printed pp46\u201347","retrievedOn":"2026-10-24","kind":"hcch-guidance","qualification":"Practical guidance, not a replacement for treaty text or applicable domestic law; page numbers are printed pages (physical PDF page = printed page \u002B 1). Both party status and operation between relevant parties matter; not country-specific advice."},{"id":"handbook-public-documents","title":"Practical Handbook on the Operation of the Apostille Convention","url":"https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a19ae90b-27bf-4596-b5ee-0140858abeaa.pdf","publication":"HCCH, The Hague, 2023; ISBN 978-90-83248-14-1","edition":"Second edition (2023)","locator":"Part Three, \u00A7\u00A7102\u2013110, printed pp51\u201353; footnotes 61\u201366","retrievedOn":"2026-10-24","kind":"hcch-guidance","qualification":"Practical guidance, not a replacement for treaty text or applicable domestic law; page numbers are printed pages (physical PDF page = printed page \u002B 1). Origin law determines public nature; Art1(2) list is not exhaustive."},{"id":"handbook-notarial-certificates","title":"Practical Handbook on the Operation of the Apostille Convention","url":"https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a19ae90b-27bf-4596-b5ee-0140858abeaa.pdf","publication":"HCCH, The Hague, 2023; ISBN 978-90-83248-14-1","edition":"Second edition (2023)","locator":"Part Three, \u00A7\u00A7116\u2013122, printed p54","retrievedOn":"2026-10-24","kind":"hcch-guidance","qualification":"Practical guidance, not a replacement for treaty text or applicable domestic law; page numbers are printed pages (physical PDF page = printed page \u002B 1). Official certificate is the public document; domestic law determines authorised certifier and possible certification of foreign underlying record."},{"id":"handbook-exclusions","title":"Practical Handbook on the Operation of the Apostille Convention","url":"https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a19ae90b-27bf-4596-b5ee-0140858abeaa.pdf","publication":"HCCH, The Hague, 2023; ISBN 978-90-83248-14-1","edition":"Second edition (2023)","locator":"Part Three, \u00A7\u00A7123\u2013138, printed pp54\u201357; footnotes 68\u201379","retrievedOn":"2026-10-24","kind":"hcch-guidance","qualification":"Practical guidance, not a replacement for treaty text or applicable domestic law; page numbers are printed pages (physical PDF page = printed page \u002B 1). Treat text and narrow modern guidance distinctly; do not universally exclude business records or require legalisation."},{"id":"handbook-copies","title":"Practical Handbook on the Operation of the Apostille Convention","url":"https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a19ae90b-27bf-4596-b5ee-0140858abeaa.pdf","publication":"HCCH, The Hague, 2023; ISBN 978-90-83248-14-1","edition":"Second edition (2023)","locator":"Part Three, \u00A7\u00A7140\u2013148, printed pp57\u201358; footnotes 80\u201383","retrievedOn":"2026-10-24","kind":"hcch-guidance","qualification":"Practical guidance, not a replacement for treaty text or applicable domestic law; page numbers are printed pages (physical PDF page = printed page \u002B 1). Photocopy, print and scan treatment varies by origin law; no universal ban or automatic eligibility."},{"id":"handbook-education","title":"Practical Handbook on the Operation of the Apostille Convention","url":"https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a19ae90b-27bf-4596-b5ee-0140858abeaa.pdf","publication":"HCCH, The Hague, 2023; ISBN 978-90-83248-14-1","edition":"Second edition (2023)","locator":"Part Three, \u00A7\u00A7151\u2013153, printed p59; footnotes 84\u201387","retrievedOn":"2026-10-24","kind":"hcch-guidance","qualification":"Practical guidance, not a replacement for treaty text or applicable domestic law; page numbers are printed pages (physical PDF page = printed page \u002B 1). Valid apostille on notarial certificate does not legitimise a false degree or establish institutional recognition."},{"id":"handbook-foreign-documents","title":"Practical Handbook on the Operation of the Apostille Convention","url":"https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a19ae90b-27bf-4596-b5ee-0140858abeaa.pdf","publication":"HCCH, The Hague, 2023; ISBN 978-90-83248-14-1","edition":"Second edition (2023)","locator":"Part Three, \u00A7\u00A7162\u2013164, printed p61","retrievedOn":"2026-10-24","kind":"hcch-guidance","qualification":"Practical guidance, not a replacement for treaty text or applicable domestic law; page numbers are printed pages (physical PDF page = printed page \u002B 1). A local certificate on a foreign document is different from authentication of the foreign original issuer."},{"id":"handbook-translations","title":"Practical Handbook on the Operation of the Apostille Convention","url":"https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a19ae90b-27bf-4596-b5ee-0140858abeaa.pdf","publication":"HCCH, The Hague, 2023; ISBN 978-90-83248-14-1","edition":"Second edition (2023)","locator":"Part Three, \u00A7\u00A7186\u2013188, printed p65; footnotes 103\u2013104","retrievedOn":"2026-10-24","kind":"hcch-guidance","qualification":"Practical guidance, not a replacement for treaty text or applicable domestic law; page numbers are printed pages (physical PDF page = printed page \u002B 1). Official translation status and who may certify depend on origin law; apostille does not assess translation accuracy."},{"id":"handbook-request","title":"Practical Handbook on the Operation of the Apostille Convention","url":"https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a19ae90b-27bf-4596-b5ee-0140858abeaa.pdf","publication":"HCCH, The Hague, 2023; ISBN 978-90-83248-14-1","edition":"Second edition (2023)","locator":"Part Four, \u00A7\u00A7189\u2013192, printed p69","retrievedOn":"2026-10-24","kind":"hcch-guidance","qualification":"Practical guidance, not a replacement for treaty text or applicable domestic law; page numbers are printed pages (physical PDF page = printed page \u002B 1). Commercial helper is optional, subject to domestic law; authority may require proof of agency."},{"id":"handbook-origin-check","title":"Practical Handbook on the Operation of the Apostille Convention","url":"https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a19ae90b-27bf-4596-b5ee-0140858abeaa.pdf","publication":"HCCH, The Hague, 2023; ISBN 978-90-83248-14-1","edition":"Second edition (2023)","locator":"Part Four, \u00A7\u00A7193\u2013209, printed pp69\u201372; footnotes 106\u2013110","retrievedOn":"2026-10-24","kind":"hcch-guidance","qualification":"Practical guidance, not a replacement for treaty text or applicable domestic law; page numbers are printed pages (physical PDF page = printed page \u002B 1). Missing specimen can require inquiry/reissue; not automatic fraud."},{"id":"handbook-form","title":"Practical Handbook on the Operation of the Apostille Convention","url":"https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a19ae90b-27bf-4596-b5ee-0140858abeaa.pdf","publication":"HCCH, The Hague, 2023; ISBN 978-90-83248-14-1","edition":"Second edition (2023)","locator":"Part Four, \u00A7\u00A7221\u2013240, printed pp74\u201379; model p74 and table pp78\u201379","retrievedOn":"2026-10-24","kind":"hcch-guidance","qualification":"Practical guidance, not a replacement for treaty text or applicable domestic law; page numbers are printed pages (physical PDF page = printed page \u002B 1). French title and 10 numbered items; visual appearance alone is not authentication."},{"id":"handbook-attachment","title":"Practical Handbook on the Operation of the Apostille Convention","url":"https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a19ae90b-27bf-4596-b5ee-0140858abeaa.pdf","publication":"HCCH, The Hague, 2023; ISBN 978-90-83248-14-1","edition":"Second edition (2023)","locator":"Part Four, \u00A7\u00A7245\u2013251, printed pp80\u201381; footnotes 138\u2013141","retrievedOn":"2026-10-24","kind":"hcch-guidance","qualification":"Practical guidance, not a replacement for treaty text or applicable domestic law; page numbers are printed pages (physical PDF page = printed page \u002B 1). Maintain physical attachment or electronic association; detachment invalidates certificate."},{"id":"handbook-register","title":"Practical Handbook on the Operation of the Apostille Convention","url":"https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a19ae90b-27bf-4596-b5ee-0140858abeaa.pdf","publication":"HCCH, The Hague, 2023; ISBN 978-90-83248-14-1","edition":"Second edition (2023)","locator":"Part Four, \u00A7\u00A7267\u2013281, printed pp84\u201386; footnotes 145\u2013149","retrievedOn":"2026-10-24","kind":"hcch-guidance","qualification":"Practical guidance, not a replacement for treaty text or applicable domestic law; page numbers are printed pages (physical PDF page = printed page \u002B 1). Online register coverage can be partial; direct issuer verification remains available."},{"id":"handbook-acceptance","title":"Practical Handbook on the Operation of the Apostille Convention","url":"https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a19ae90b-27bf-4596-b5ee-0140858abeaa.pdf","publication":"HCCH, The Hague, 2023; ISBN 978-90-83248-14-1","edition":"Second edition (2023)","locator":"Part Five, \u00A7\u00A7282\u2013293, printed pp89\u201390","retrievedOn":"2026-10-24","kind":"hcch-guidance","qualification":"Practical guidance, not a replacement for treaty text or applicable domestic law; page numbers are printed pages (physical PDF page = printed page \u002B 1). Distinguish serious certificate/issuance problems from underlying-document legal requirements."},{"id":"handbook-rejection-limits","title":"Practical Handbook on the Operation of the Apostille Convention","url":"https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a19ae90b-27bf-4596-b5ee-0140858abeaa.pdf","publication":"HCCH, The Hague, 2023; ISBN 978-90-83248-14-1","edition":"Second edition (2023)","locator":"Part Five, \u00A7\u00A7294\u2013306, printed pp91\u201393; footnotes 154\u2013169","retrievedOn":"2026-10-24","kind":"hcch-guidance","qualification":"Practical guidance, not a replacement for treaty text or applicable domestic law; page numbers are printed pages (physical PDF page = printed page \u002B 1). Valid apostille may not be rejected solely for electronic form/language/age; underlying record format/language/freshness remains separate."},{"id":"handbook-no-extra-legalisation","title":"Practical Handbook on the Operation of the Apostille Convention","url":"https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a19ae90b-27bf-4596-b5ee-0140858abeaa.pdf","publication":"HCCH, The Hague, 2023; ISBN 978-90-83248-14-1","edition":"Second edition (2023)","locator":"Part Five, \u00A7\u00A7308\u2013311, printed pp93\u201394; footnotes 170\u2013175","retrievedOn":"2026-10-24","kind":"hcch-guidance","qualification":"Practical guidance, not a replacement for treaty text or applicable domestic law; page numbers are printed pages (physical PDF page = printed page \u002B 1). Register verification differs from adding authentication to apostille itself."},{"id":"abcs-need","title":"The ABCs of Apostilles","url":"https://assets.hcch.net/docs/6dd54368-bebd-4b10-a078-0a92e5bca40a.pdf","publication":"HCCH publication listing: 2010","edition":"2010 brochure, current official download","locator":"Question 1, printed pp4\u20135 (PDF page 4)","retrievedOn":"2026-10-24","kind":"hcch-explanatory","qualification":"Introductory FAQ, read with 2023 Handbook and current official guidance; printed page pairs appear on PDF spreads. 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PDF regeneration metadata is not edition date."},{"id":"abcs-no-further-authentication","title":"The ABCs of Apostilles","url":"https://assets.hcch.net/docs/6dd54368-bebd-4b10-a078-0a92e5bca40a.pdf","publication":"HCCH publication listing: 2010","edition":"2010 brochure, current official download","locator":"Question 11, printed pp24\u201325 (PDF page 14)","retrievedOn":"2026-10-24","kind":"hcch-explanatory","qualification":"Introductory FAQ, read with 2023 Handbook and current official guidance; printed page pairs appear on PDF spreads. 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PDF regeneration metadata is not edition date."},{"id":"report-public-documents","title":"Explanatory Report by Yvon Loussouarn","url":"https://www.hcch.net/en/publications-and-studies/details4/?pid=52","publication":"Rennes, 15 April 1961; Acts and Documents of the Ninth Session (1960), vol II, Legalisation","edition":"English translation of original French report","locator":"Section B.I (Article 1); Handbook Annex II \u00A7\u00A77\u20139, printed pp117\u2013119","retrievedOn":"2026-10-24","kind":"hcch-explanatory","qualification":"Historical explanatory material, not an amendment to the Convention. 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Numbered paragraphs/printed pages refer to reproduction in 2023 Handbook Annex II."},{"id":"report-register","title":"Explanatory Report by Yvon Loussouarn","url":"https://www.hcch.net/en/publications-and-studies/details4/?pid=52","publication":"Rennes, 15 April 1961; Acts and Documents of the Ninth Session (1960), vol II, Legalisation","edition":"English translation of original French report","locator":"Section B.VI (Article 7); Handbook Annex II \u00A7\u00A746\u201350, printed pp127\u2013128","retrievedOn":"2026-10-24","kind":"hcch-explanatory","qualification":"Historical explanatory material, not an amendment to the Convention. 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Check the relevant pair of States and territories and transaction date; this guide does not decide membership or bilateral application."},{"id":"handbook-passport-copies","title":"Practical Handbook on the Operation of the Apostille Convention","url":"https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a19ae90b-27bf-4596-b5ee-0140858abeaa.pdf","publication":"HCCH, The Hague, 2023; ISBN 978-90-83248-14-1","edition":"Second edition (2023)","locator":"Part Three, \u00A7\u00A7178\u2013179, printed p64","retrievedOn":"2026-10-24","kind":"hcch-guidance","qualification":"Practical guidance, not a replacement for treaty text or applicable domestic law; page numbers are printed pages (physical PDF page = printed page \u002B 1). 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A private role is distinct from the official capacity required for a public document; an unsigned or unsealed record still needs origin-law public status and origin verification."},{"id":"handbook-intermediate-certification","title":"Practical Handbook on the Operation of the Apostille Convention","url":"https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a19ae90b-27bf-4596-b5ee-0140858abeaa.pdf","publication":"HCCH, The Hague, 2023; ISBN 978-90-83248-14-1","edition":"Second edition (2023)","locator":"Part One \u00A7\u00A714\u201315, printed pp28\u201329 and both process diagrams; Part Four \u00A7\u00A7193\u2013196, printed pp69\u201370; footnotes 106\u2013108","retrievedOn":"2026-10-24","kind":"hcch-guidance","qualification":"HCCH practical guidance, not domestic law or a fee/service guarantee. Eliminating intermediate domestic certification is an HCCH recommendation; it is not proof that a particular jurisdiction has eliminated a required preliminary step."},{"id":"handbook-multiple-documents","title":"Practical Handbook on the Operation of the Apostille Convention","url":"https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a19ae90b-27bf-4596-b5ee-0140858abeaa.pdf","publication":"HCCH, The Hague, 2023; ISBN 978-90-83248-14-1","edition":"Second edition (2023)","locator":"Part Three \u00A7\u00A7172\u2013173, printed p63 and footnote 99; Part Four \u00A7244, printed p80 and footnote 137; \u00A7\u00A7249\u2013251, printed p81","retrievedOn":"2026-10-24","kind":"hcch-guidance","qualification":"HCCH practical guidance, not domestic law or a fee/service guarantee. One authenticated official/authority is the relevant distinction, not a universal price per sheet. A new notarial bundle certificate authenticates that act; it does not certify each original issuer."},{"id":"handbook-service-delivery","title":"Practical Handbook on the Operation of the Apostille Convention","url":"https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a19ae90b-27bf-4596-b5ee-0140858abeaa.pdf","publication":"HCCH, The Hague, 2023; ISBN 978-90-83248-14-1","edition":"Second edition (2023)","locator":"Part Two \u00A7\u00A745\u201349, printed pp38\u201339 and footnote 31; Part Four \u00A7\u00A7189\u2013192, printed p69","retrievedOn":"2026-10-24","kind":"hcch-guidance","qualification":"HCCH practical guidance, not domestic law or a fee/service guarantee. Counter, mail and electronic delivery methods vary by authority; directory listings do not prove current availability, eligibility, timing or representative requirements."},{"id":"handbook-fees","title":"Practical Handbook on the Operation of the Apostille Convention","url":"https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a19ae90b-27bf-4596-b5ee-0140858abeaa.pdf","publication":"HCCH, The Hague, 2023; ISBN 978-90-83248-14-1","edition":"Second edition (2023)","locator":"Part Four \u00A7\u00A7252\u2013255, printed p81 and footnote 142","retrievedOn":"2026-10-24","kind":"hcch-guidance","qualification":"HCCH practical guidance, not domestic law or a fee/service guarantee. The Convention fixes no universal issuance fee or expedited-service entitlement; fee scales, reduced bundles and priority services must be checked locally."},{"id":"handbook-foreign-language","title":"Practical Handbook on the Operation of the Apostille Convention","url":"https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a19ae90b-27bf-4596-b5ee-0140858abeaa.pdf","publication":"HCCH, The Hague, 2023; ISBN 978-90-83248-14-1","edition":"Second edition (2023)","locator":"Part Three \u00A7\u00A7165\u2013167, printed p61; \u00A7\u00A7186\u2013188, printed p65 and footnotes 103\u2013104","retrievedOn":"2026-10-24","kind":"hcch-guidance","qualification":"HCCH practical guidance, not domestic law or a fee/service guarantee. Origin-law document eligibility, a translation requested by the apostille office, and the destination recipient\u0027s translation requirement answer different questions."},{"id":"sc2021-chains-and-bundles","title":"Conclusions \u0026 Recommendations of the 2021 Special Commission on the Apostille Convention","url":"https://assets.hcch.net/docs/b7b20030-6229-459f-b26b-e9185bf6fffc.pdf","publication":"HCCH Special Commission, 5\u20138 October 2021","edition":"Final Conclusions \u0026 Recommendations (2021)","locator":"C\u0026R 12, 14 and 17, printed p2; C\u0026R 37\u201338, printed p4; C\u0026R 43\u201345, printed p5; C\u0026R 49 and 52\u201356, printed p6","retrievedOn":"2026-10-24","kind":"hcch-guidance","qualification":"Non-binding Special Commission recommendations. They support interpretation and good practice but do not themselves repeal a local preliminary-certification rule, set a fee, or establish recipient acceptance of the underlying record."},{"id":"handbook-eapp-components","title":"Practical Handbook on the Operation of the Apostille Convention","url":"https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a19ae90b-27bf-4596-b5ee-0140858abeaa.pdf","publication":"HCCH, The Hague, 2023; ISBN 978-90-83248-14-1","edition":"Second edition (2023)","locator":"Part Six, \u00A7\u00A7313\u2013320, printed pp97\u201398; glossary, printed p17","retrievedOn":"2026-10-24","kind":"hcch-guidance","qualification":"Practical guidance, not controlling domestic law. Printed page n is physical PDF page n\u002B1. An e-Register and electronic issuance are separate components; electronic status is not determined by a QR code."},{"id":"handbook-eapp-integrity","title":"Practical Handbook on the Operation of the Apostille Convention","url":"https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a19ae90b-27bf-4596-b5ee-0140858abeaa.pdf","publication":"HCCH, The Hague, 2023; ISBN 978-90-83248-14-1","edition":"Second edition (2023)","locator":"Part Six, \u00A7\u00A7330\u2013338, printed pp100\u2013102; footnotes 183\u2013198","retrievedOn":"2026-10-24","kind":"hcch-guidance","qualification":"Practical guidance, not controlling domestic law. Printed page n is physical PDF page n\u002B1. Digital-certificate, transmission and preservation guidance; good practices do not create a universal filing service or processing guarantee."},{"id":"handbook-refusal-recovery","title":"Practical Handbook on the Operation of the Apostille Convention","url":"https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a19ae90b-27bf-4596-b5ee-0140858abeaa.pdf","publication":"HCCH, The Hague, 2023; ISBN 978-90-83248-14-1","edition":"Second edition (2023)","locator":"Part Four, \u00A7\u00A7257\u2013264, printed pp82\u201383","retrievedOn":"2026-10-24","kind":"hcch-guidance","qualification":"Practical guidance, not controlling domestic law. Printed page n is physical PDF page n\u002B1. Distinguish Convention eligibility, local refusal grounds and the specific evidentiary defect. A substitute certificate does not authenticate the original foreign issuer."},{"id":"handbook-revocation","title":"Practical Handbook on the Operation of the Apostille Convention","url":"https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a19ae90b-27bf-4596-b5ee-0140858abeaa.pdf","publication":"HCCH, The Hague, 2023; ISBN 978-90-83248-14-1","edition":"Second edition (2023)","locator":"Part Four, \u00A7266, printed p84","retrievedOn":"2026-10-24","kind":"hcch-guidance","qualification":"Practical guidance, not controlling domestic law. Printed page n is physical PDF page n\u002B1. The Convention does not preclude issuer revocation/annulment under domestic law or policy; it supplies no universal correction procedure or fee."},{"id":"eapp-principles-services","title":"The e-APP: Key Principles and Good Practices","url":"https://assets.hcch.net/docs/cc7da110-d25d-499a-8c0f-7f6486f535c6.pdf","publication":"Approved by 2021 Special Commission; endorsed by 2022 Council on General Affairs and Policy","edition":"2021 principles endorsed 2022","locator":"Principles 1(a)\u2013(d), 2(a)\u2013(f), 3(a)\u2013(d), 4(a)\u2013(c), pp1\u20132","retrievedOn":"2026-10-24","kind":"hcch-guidance","qualification":"Expressly non-binding. One-working-day issuance and single-file presentation are good practices; they are not universal service entitlements or treaty deadlines."},{"id":"eapp-chart-scope","title":"Implementation Chart of the e-APP","url":"https://assets.hcch.net/docs/e8e7549d-e34a-452f-9fa3-cf2241aa4197.pdf","publication":"HCCH maintained implementation chart; no publication date asserted","edition":"Current official hub download inspected 24 October 2026","locator":"PDF p1 heading/caveat and footnote1; date/authority coverage notes across pp1\u201313; pilot-program clarification p13","retrievedOn":"2026-10-24","kind":"hcch-directory","qualification":"Directory information provided by Contracting Parties may arrive with delay. The chart is not a treaty-status table or a promise that every authority in a listed Party offers both components. Table footnote numbers must not be parsed as day-of-month values."},{"id":"sc2021-eapp-acceptance","title":"2021 Special Commission Conclusions \u0026 Recommendations","url":"https://assets.hcch.net/docs/b7b20030-6229-459f-b26b-e9185bf6fffc.pdf","publication":"HCCH Special Commission,5\u20138October 2021","edition":"Final C\u0026R,October 2021","locator":"C\u0026R 27\u201330, PDF pp3\u20134; C\u0026R 53,57\u201358, PDF pp6\u20137","retrievedOn":"2026-10-24","kind":"hcch-guidance","qualification":"Special Commission guidance is non-binding interpretation/practical guidance; C\u0026R30 expressly conditions recognition on the Convention being in force. Not a domestic appeal procedure."},{"id":"forum2024-eapp-use","title":"13th International Forum on the e-APP: Conclusions \u0026 Recommendations","url":"https://assets.hcch.net/docs/664c74fd-ea34-4b90-9f27-94cab6f78510.pdf","publication":"HCCH International Forum, Astana, 21\u201322 October 2024","edition":"Final C\u0026R,2024","locator":"C\u0026R 11\u201315, PDF pp2\u20133","retrievedOn":"2026-10-24","kind":"hcch-guidance","qualification":"Forum practical recommendations, not treaty amendments or individual guarantees. Read the 2026 notice and applicable Convention relationship alongside them."},{"id":"forum2026-electronic-acceptance","title":"14th International Forum on the e-APP: Conclusions \u0026 Recommendations","url":"https://assets.hcch.net/docs/2143f6d1-b832-48b9-8b85-0a037ec7143a.pdf","publication":"HCCH International Forum, Marrakech, 12\u201313 May 2026","edition":"Final C\u0026R, 2026","locator":"C\u0026R9\u201314, PDF p2; C\u0026R15\u201319, PDF p3","retrievedOn":"2026-10-24","kind":"hcch-guidance","qualification":"Forum practical recommendations, not treaty amendments or individual guarantees. C\u0026R18 discourages advance inquiries asking whether an e-Apostille will be accepted; distinguish that from identifying underlying-document requirements or arranging access."},{"id":"handbook-geography-detail","title":"Practical Handbook on the Operation of the Apostille Convention","url":"https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a19ae90b-27bf-4596-b5ee-0140858abeaa.pdf","publication":"HCCH, The Hague, 2023; ISBN 978-90-83248-14-1","edition":"Second edition (2023)","locator":"Part Three, \u00A7\u00A763\u201367, printed p45; footnote 39","retrievedOn":"2026-10-24","kind":"hcch-guidance","qualification":"Practical guidance; treaty text and specific depositary notifications control the applicable relationship. Printed page 45 is physical PDF page 46. A status-table listing does not itself establish current bilateral application."},{"id":"handbook-territories-detail","title":"Practical Handbook on the Operation of the Apostille Convention","url":"https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a19ae90b-27bf-4596-b5ee-0140858abeaa.pdf","publication":"HCCH, The Hague, 2023; ISBN 978-90-83248-14-1","edition":"Second edition (2023)","locator":"Part Three, \u00A7\u00A768\u201371, printed p46; footnotes 40\u201344","retrievedOn":"2026-10-24","kind":"hcch-guidance","qualification":"Guidance on Article 13 overseas-territory extensions, not a territorial coverage dataset. Classification of a unit and the relevant notification/effective date must be checked. Printed page 46 is physical PDF page 47."},{"id":"handbook-objections-detail","title":"Practical Handbook on the Operation of the Apostille Convention","url":"https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a19ae90b-27bf-4596-b5ee-0140858abeaa.pdf","publication":"HCCH, The Hague, 2023; ISBN 978-90-83248-14-1","edition":"Second edition (2023)","locator":"Part Three, \u00A7\u00A778\u201383, printed pp47\u201348; especially \u00A782 on withdrawal and issuance date; footnotes 48\u201351","retrievedOn":"2026-10-24","kind":"hcch-guidance","qualification":"Guidance must be read with Article 12 and the actual objection/withdrawal notifications. The \u00A782 post-withdrawal issuance qualification is distinct from \u00A797 on ordinary destination entry into force. Physical PDF page = printed page \u002B 1."},{"id":"handbook-temporal-detail","title":"Practical Handbook on the Operation of the Apostille Convention","url":"https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a19ae90b-27bf-4596-b5ee-0140858abeaa.pdf","publication":"HCCH, The Hague, 2023; ISBN 978-90-83248-14-1","edition":"Second edition (2023)","locator":"Part Three, \u00A7\u00A790\u201397, printed pp49\u201350; footnotes 55\u201358","retrievedOn":"2026-10-24","kind":"hcch-guidance","qualification":"Separates accession timing, old public documents, earlier legalisation and apostilles validly issued before destination entry into force. \u00A794 transitional treatment is a recommendation; \u00A797 does not displace the objection-withdrawal qualification in \u00A782. Physical PDF page = printed page \u002B 1."},{"id":"handbook-succession-detail","title":"Practical Handbook on the Operation of the Apostille Convention","url":"https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a19ae90b-27bf-4596-b5ee-0140858abeaa.pdf","publication":"HCCH, The Hague, 2023; ISBN 978-90-83248-14-1","edition":"Second edition (2023)","locator":"Part Three, \u00A7\u00A798\u2013101, printed p51; footnotes 59\u201360","retrievedOn":"2026-10-24","kind":"hcch-guidance","qualification":"General guidance, not adjudication of a particular succession or recognition dispute. Declaration of succession, accession, predecessor certificate validity and relevant notifications must be distinguished. Printed page 51 is physical PDF page 52."},{"id":"handbook-designation-changes","title":"Practical Handbook on the Operation of the Apostille Convention","url":"https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a19ae90b-27bf-4596-b5ee-0140858abeaa.pdf","publication":"HCCH, The Hague, 2023; ISBN 978-90-83248-14-1","edition":"Second edition (2023)","locator":"Part Two, \u00A7\u00A751\u201353, printed p40, footnote 33; Part Four, \u00A7\u00A7213\u2013214, printed pp72\u201373","retrievedOn":"2026-10-24","kind":"hcch-guidance","qualification":"Read with Article 6 and the actual designation/change notice. A designated office and the domestic authority of an individual officer are separate. Physical PDF page = printed page \u002B 1."},{"id":"handbook-multiple-destinations","title":"Practical Handbook on the Operation of the Apostille Convention","url":"https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a19ae90b-27bf-4596-b5ee-0140858abeaa.pdf","publication":"HCCH, The Hague, 2023; ISBN 978-90-83248-14-1","edition":"Second edition (2023)","locator":"Part Four, \u00A7265, printed p83; Part Five, \u00A7307, printed p93","retrievedOn":"2026-10-24","kind":"hcch-guidance","qualification":"Apostillisation and legalisation for different uses can coexist, provided the apostille relates to the public document rather than other authentications. No universal recipient acceptance or permission to detach the packet. Physical PDF page = printed page \u002B 1."},{"id":"handbook-service-delivery-costs","title":"Practical Handbook on the Operation of the Apostille Convention","url":"https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a19ae90b-27bf-4596-b5ee-0140858abeaa.pdf","publication":"HCCH, The Hague, 2023; ISBN 978-90-83248-14-1","edition":"Second edition (2023)","locator":"Part Two, \u00A7\u00A745\u201349, printed pp38\u201339; Part Four, \u00A7\u00A7252\u2013256, printed pp81\u201382","retrievedOn":"2026-10-24","kind":"hcch-guidance","qualification":"Describes delivery models and locally set fees; it is not a current price/turnaround directory, a requirement to offer every channel or a promise of priority service. Route comparisons are original editorial analysis. Physical PDF page = printed page \u002B 1."},{"id":"handbook-ron-form-context","title":"Practical Handbook on the Operation of the Apostille Convention","url":"https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a19ae90b-27bf-4596-b5ee-0140858abeaa.pdf","publication":"HCCH, The Hague, 2023; ISBN 978-90-83248-14-1","edition":"Second edition (2023)","locator":"Part Four \u00A7\u00A7215\u2013220, printed pp73\u201374, footnotes118\u2013120","retrievedOn":"2026-10-24","kind":"hcch-guidance","qualification":"Guidance distinguishes the underlying record\u0027s form from the apostille\u0027s form, including authority-supported conversions. It does not authorize a particular remote notarial act, applicant-created conversion or universal foreign use of a RON document."},{"id":"handbook-domestic-execution-detail","title":"Practical Handbook on the Operation of the Apostille Convention","url":"https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a19ae90b-27bf-4596-b5ee-0140858abeaa.pdf","publication":"HCCH, The Hague, 2023; ISBN 978-90-83248-14-1","edition":"Second edition (2023)","locator":"Part One \u00A7\u00A722\u201327, printed pp31\u201332, especially \u00A724 and footnotes21\u201324; Part Four \u00A7\u00A7204,210\u2013212, printed pp71\u201372, footnotes111\u2013115","retrievedOn":"2026-10-24","kind":"hcch-guidance","qualification":"HCCH guidance separates origin authentication, domestic execution and underlying legal effect. It does not authorize a specific RON method, approve a platform or establish whether any particular session complied with domestic law."},{"id":"handbook-public-status-and-effect","title":"Practical Handbook on the Operation of the Apostille Convention","url":"https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a19ae90b-27bf-4596-b5ee-0140858abeaa.pdf","publication":"HCCH, The Hague, 2023; ISBN 978-90-83248-14-1","edition":"Second edition (2023)","locator":"Part Three \u00A7\u00A7105\u2013110, printed pp52\u201353, footnotes64\u201366; \u00A7\u00A7116\u2013122, printed p54; Part Five \u00A7\u00A7294\u2013295, printed p91, footnotes154\u2013155","retrievedOn":"2026-10-24","kind":"hcch-guidance","qualification":"Origin-law public classification and destination-law admissibility/probative value are distinct. These passages do not require equivalent substantive powers or legal effects among different notarial systems or universal acceptance of every underlying RON document."},{"id":"handbook-electronic-conversion-paths","title":"Practical Handbook on the Operation of the Apostille Convention","url":"https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a19ae90b-27bf-4596-b5ee-0140858abeaa.pdf","publication":"HCCH, The Hague, 2023; ISBN 978-90-83248-14-1","edition":"Second edition (2023)","locator":"Part Three \u00A7\u00A7154\u2013156, printed p60; Part Four \u00A7\u00A7215\u2013220, printed pp73\u201374; footnotes118\u2013120","retrievedOn":"2026-10-24","kind":"hcch-guidance","qualification":"Read original-format discussion\u00A7156 with the described paper-reproduction fallback\u00A7216. HCCH favors e-Apostilles and discourages loss of electronic-format benefits; domestic law/procedure determines whether a reproduction or scan is an eligible public document. This is not a universal conversion ban or authority to print, scan or certify any record."},{"id":"sc2021-paper-translation-concern","title":"Conclusions \u0026 Recommendations of the 2021 Special Commission on the Apostille Convention","url":"https://assets.hcch.net/docs/b7b20030-6229-459f-b26b-e9185bf6fffc.pdf","publication":"HCCH Special Commission, 5\u20138 October 2021","edition":"Final Conclusions \u0026 Recommendations (2021)","locator":"C\u0026R32, PDF p4; read with C\u0026R27, PDF p3, and C\u0026R37\u201339, PDF pp4\u20135","retrievedOn":"2026-10-24","kind":"hcch-guidance","qualification":"C\u0026R32 records concerns and invites exchange of experiences on paper translations of electronic public documents. It establishes neither a universal prohibition nor an approved substitute-authentication procedure. These recommendations are not treaty amendments."},{"id":"handbook-verification-interest","title":"Practical Handbook on the Operation of the Apostille Convention","url":"https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a19ae90b-27bf-4596-b5ee-0140858abeaa.pdf","publication":"HCCH, The Hague, 2023; ISBN 978-90-83248-14-1","edition":"Second edition (2023)","locator":"Part Four, \u00A7272 and \u00A7\u00A7275\u2013281, printed pp85\u201386; footnotes 147\u2013149","retrievedOn":"2026-10-24","kind":"hcch-guidance","qualification":"HCCH guidance distinguishes the Article 7 comparison requested by an interested person from public website access and unrestricted access to underlying records. No public API, immediate response or national disclosure entitlement is established."},{"id":"handbook-apostille-signature-method","title":"Practical Handbook on the Operation of the Apostille Convention","url":"https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a19ae90b-27bf-4596-b5ee-0140858abeaa.pdf","publication":"HCCH, The Hague, 2023; ISBN 978-90-83248-14-1","edition":"Second edition (2023)","locator":"Part Four, \u00A7238 table items 7 and 10, printed p79; \u00A7\u00A7242\u2013243, printed p80; footnote 136","retrievedOn":"2026-10-24","kind":"hcch-guidance","qualification":"HCCH guidance about the apostille authority\u2019s own signing method. The law applicable to that authority determines permitted methods and validity; it does not decide underlying notarial execution or prove that a particular certificate is genuine."},{"id":"sc2021-signature-and-procedure","title":"Conclusions \u0026 Recommendations of the 2021 Special Commission on the Apostille Convention","url":"https://assets.hcch.net/docs/b7b20030-6229-459f-b26b-e9185bf6fffc.pdf","publication":"HCCH Special Commission, 5\u20138 October 2021","edition":"Final Conclusions \u0026 Recommendations (2021)","locator":"C\u0026R 51, PDF/printed p6; C\u0026R 58, PDF/printed p7","retrievedOn":"2026-10-24","kind":"hcch-guidance","qualification":"Special Commission interpretation/guidance: origin-authority law governs apostille signature validity; procedure-confirmation conditions must be distinguished from Article 7 certificate verification. This is not an enactment of national law or a complete appeal procedure."},{"id":"convention-complete-certified-copy","title":"Convention abolishing the requirement of legalisation for foreign public documents \u2014 depositary certified true copy","url":"https://repository.overheid.nl/frbr/vd/009051/1/pdf/009051_Gewaarmerkt_0.pdf","publication":"Concluded 5 October 1961; certified-copy download listed by Netherlands treaty database as 23 August 2016","edition":"French and English text with annexed models; depositary certified-copy file","locator":"Articles 1\u201315 and closing clauses in both languages; French model physical p8; English model physical p16; certification p17","retrievedOn":"2026-10-25","kind":"treaty","qualification":"Full instrument evidence, not a current country-pair status record. Treaty closing clause gives the French text precedence in a divergence. Deposit-record copy date does not revise the treaty."},{"id":"handbook-edition-publication","title":"HCCH Apostille Handbook publication and edition page","url":"https://www.hcch.net/en/publications-and-studies/details4/?pid=5888","publication":"HCCH publication page; undated current catalogue entry","edition":"Current publication catalogue entry","locator":"Second-edition description and available languages; first-edition translation list","retrievedOn":"2026-10-24","kind":"hcch-guidance","qualification":"Publication information establishes editions and listed languages, not a complete archive of every file revision or national implementation rule."},{"id":"handbook-publication-frontmatter","title":"Practical Handbook on the Operation of the Apostille Convention \u2014 front matter and introduction","url":"https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a19ae90b-27bf-4596-b5ee-0140858abeaa.pdf","publication":"HCCH, The Hague, 2023; ISBN 978-90-83248-14-1","edition":"Second edition (2023), English","locator":"Physical PDF p3 copyright/edition/ISBN; printed p3 foreword; printed p11 introduction","retrievedOn":"2026-10-24","kind":"hcch-guidance","qualification":"Guidance and publication identity, not treaty amendment. PDF metadata and retrieval dates are not represented as substantive revision or effective dates."},{"id":"handbook-field-label-correction","title":"Practical Handbook on the Operation of the Apostille Convention \u2014 field-label comparison","url":"https://assets.hcch.net/docs/a19ae90b-27bf-4596-b5ee-0140858abeaa.pdf","publication":"HCCH, The Hague, 2023; ISBN 978-90-83248-14-1","edition":"Second edition (2023), English","locator":"\u00A7238 table, printed p78 (physical PDF p79), No4 left label and adjacent explanatory cell; compare treaty model","retrievedOn":"2026-10-24","kind":"hcch-guidance","qualification":"Visible minor editorial typo in field4 label; adjacent cell and treaty model establish seal/stamp. Not a treaty conflict or substantive rule change; unsent proposed correction only."},{"id":"convention-preamble-and-closing","title":"Convention of 5 October 1961 Abolishing the Requirement of Legalisation for Foreign Public Documents","url":"https://assets.hcch.net/docs/b12ad529-5f75-411b-b523-8eebe86613c0.pdf","publication":"Concluded 5 October 1961","edition":"Official English treaty text","locator":"Title, date and preamble, PDF page 1; signature and authentic-language clause, PDF page 4","retrievedOn":"2026-10-25","kind":"treaty","qualification":"English treaty wording; French text prevails in case of divergence. The publisher\u2019s bibliographic footnote on page 1 is not part of the treaty text reproduced here."},{"id":"convention-final-provisions-complete","title":"Convention of 5 October 1961 Abolishing the Requirement of Legalisation for Foreign Public Documents","url":"https://assets.hcch.net/docs/b12ad529-5f75-411b-b523-8eebe86613c0.pdf","publication":"Concluded 5 October 1961","edition":"Official English treaty text","locator":"Articles 10\u201315 in full; Article 10 PDF page 2, Articles 11\u201315 PDF page 3","retrievedOn":"2026-10-25","kind":"treaty","qualification":"Treaty-making, entry-into-force, territorial and notification provisions. Actual current relationships require the maintained status records and relevant notifications; these provisions are not a country dataset."},{"id":"convention-html-complete","title":"Convention of 5 October 1961 Abolishing the Requirement of Legalisation for Foreign Public Documents","url":"https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/full-text/?cid=41","publication":"Concluded 5 October 1961","edition":"Official English treaty text","locator":"Official full-text HTML: title/date, preamble, Articles 1\u201315 and closing clause; Article 4 links the model separately","retrievedOn":"2026-10-25","kind":"treaty","qualification":"Cross-checked against the four-page English PDF. The HTML and four-page PDF do not themselves display the annexed model; the HTML links its separate official PDF."},{"id":"convention-model-complete","title":"Convention of 5 October 1961 Abolishing the Requirement of Legalisation for Foreign Public Documents","url":"https://www.hcch.net/upload/apostille.pdf","publication":"Concluded 5 October 1961","edition":"Official English treaty text","locator":"Annex to the Convention, Model of certificate; one-page PDF: dimension sentence, French title, ten numbered fields and grouping labels","retrievedOn":"2026-10-25","kind":"treaty","qualification":"Official separately linked annex. Wording checked in the official PDF text extraction and against actual annex pixels in the 2016 certified treaty copy; standalone annex bytes/pixels were unavailable. Writing lines and spatial layout are omitted from the reading-order transcription, not changed treaty wording."}]}